Neural correlates of consciousness

Neural correlates of consciousness. Perturbing or inactivating the Neural Correlates of Consciousness for any one specific conscious experience will affect the percept or cause it to Feb 1, 2003 · This framework offers a coherent scheme for explaining the neural correlates of (visual) consciousness in terms of competing cellular assemblies. Oct 4, 2017 · The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are defined as the minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one conscious percept (Crick and Koch, 1990). I have previously proposed a conceptual distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness 1, 2, 3. We focus Apr 20, 2016 · In this Review, we describe recent findings showing that the anatomical neural correlates of consciousness are primarily localized to a posterior cortical hot zone that includes sensory areas Jan 10, 2014 · How consciousness is generated by the nervous system remains one of the greatest mysteries in science. 2009;Blake et al. First, we briefly discuss some useful distinctions between consciousness and other brain functions. The search poses many Nov 1, 2019 · Studies of the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) combining MEG/EEG with behavioral data have described two main time ranges relating to conscious perception: 130–320 (the visual awareness negativity; VAN) and 300–500 (P3a) ms after stimulus onset. The neural correlates of consciousness must be identified, but how? Anesthetics can be used as tools to dissect the nervous system. , $52. , 2016) concerns the onset of visual awareness (Förster et al. , 2016). These neural correlates of consciousness may be disentangled conceptually and empirically. We conceptually subdivide ‘correlates’ into ‘prerequisites’, ‘consequences’, and ‘substrates’. For example, neural activity synchronized at 40Hz used to be considered a serious Jul 24, 2018 · Current research into the neural correlates of consciousness regards the biological brain as being this substrate, but largely fails to clarify the nature of the brain-consciousness connection. Most of the ideas we favor have been suggested Neuroscientists continue to search for "the" neural correlate of consciousness (NCC). When does neural activity produce the subjective experience of seeing an image? Nov 19, 2013 · Every phenomenal, subjective state will have associated Neural Correlates of Consciousness: one for seeing a red patch, another one for seeing grandmother, yet a third one for hearing a siren, etc. Received: 01 April 2018; Accepted: 02 July 2018; Oct 4, 2017 · The role of the frontal cortex in consciousness remains a matter of debate. Learn about the neural events and mechanisms that are sufficient for conscious perception or memory. Jul 23, 2018 · Keywords: neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs), type identity theory, phenomenal states, type-token, non-causal account of NCC. Phenomenal consciousness is currently the target of a booming neuroscientific research program, which intends to find the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs). Tracking the correlations between brain processes and states of phenomenal consciousness, such as feelings of pain, seeings of blue, hearings of trumpet sounds, is the basic method of scientific consciousness research. A basic understanding of consciousness and its neural correlates is of major importance for all clinicians, especially those involved with patients with altered states of consciousness. Abstract. We begin by distinguishing the kinds of neural correlates that are of central interest to the science of consciousness (what we call NCCs ) from the kinds of neural correlates that are more peripheral to consciousness science and which are typically regarded as confounds from the perspective of Jul 28, 2010 · Emotional stimuli, including facial expressions, are thought to gain rapid and privileged access to processing resources in the brain. Despite this access, we are conscious of only a fraction of the myriad of emotion-related cues we face everyday. In this way, it has been revealed that the two kinds of processes differ in t … Apr 20, 2016 · Recent findings showing that the anatomical neural correlates of consciousness are primarily localized to a posterior cortical hot zone that includes sensory areas, rather than to a fronto-parietal network involved in task monitoring and reporting are described. Most attempts to understand the neural mechanisms of consciousness have proceeded by searching for the “neural correlates of consciousness” or NCC (Crick and Koch, 2003). Jan 1, 2012 · Highlights The search for neural correlates of consciousness presses on. Citation: Polák M and Marvan T (2018) Neural Correlates of Consciousness Meet the Theory of Identity. So far, the study of lucid dreaming is limited to periods of REM sleep because the classical method to investigate lucid dreaming, the eye-signalling technique The search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) has become a highly active field of investigation in recent years. According to IIT, one becomes Here I review Jon's scientific work that relates to the neural basis of human consciousness, relating our collaborative work to a broader scientific context. We then examine what has been learned by studying global changes in the level of consciousness, such as sleep, anesthesia, and seizures. Oct 30, 2019 · The authors discuss the theoretical and methodological issues of studying the brain processes underlying consciousness and attention using functional neuroimaging techniques. Chalmers (2000) conceptualized this research program as the attempt to correlate the contents of conscious experience with the contents of representations in specific neural populations. The Neural Correlates of Consciousness (NCCs) As was seen earlier in discussing neural theories of consciousness (section 4a), the search for the so-called “neural correlates of consciousness” (NCCs) is a major preoccupation of philosophers and scientists alike (Metzinger 2000). Chalmers ( 2000 ) has provided the most informative and influential definition of NCC, according to which neural correlates are minimally sufficient for consciousness. Medically speaking, consciousness is the state of the patient's awareness of self and environment and his r … Dec 17, 2019 · The assumption of consciousness as a biological phenomenon has led neuroscience to search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) [3,8,9,10,11,12]. Edited by Thomas Metzinger. It also introduces the memory theory of consciousness, which explains phenomenal consciousness as a part of episodic memory, and its implications for neurology and neuroscience. Identification of the NCC and the mechanisms through which they make conscious the perceptions selected by attention, provides useful information to attempt to solve some other problems of consciousness. 1 Searching for such correlations with the help of modern brain imaging techniques has produced, since its inception in the 1990s, a body of remarkable results and Jul 4, 2019 · Neural correlates of consciousness (for brevity NCC) are foundational to the scientific study of consciousness. The ‘correlates’ in neural correlates of consciousness. The first is that the neural correlates of the level of consciousness There have been a number of advances in the search for the neural correlates of consciousness--the minimum neural mechanisms sufficient for any one specific conscious percept. Neural Correlates of Consciousness Benedetta Cecconi, Glenn van der Lande, and Arianna Sala Abstract Signicant advances have been made in the behavioral assessment and clinical management of disorders of consciousness (DoC). Investigators from diverse fields have begun to unravel this puzzle by contrasting conscious and unconscious processes. $65. However, correlations by themselves do not provide We here show that the neural correlates of consciousness cannot be disentangled from the task that humans are engaged in. Sack, in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2012 Highlights The search for neural correlates of consciousness presses on. 2016; Seth and Bayne 2022); in an attempt to Apr 10, 2017 · An influential notion derived from neuroimaging studies contrasting wake with NREM sleep, anesthesia or coma is that the neural correlates of consciousness would correspond to a broad Minds and Machines - Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions. brain activity that corresponds with and is necessary to produce a particular experience. … Drawing on neuroscientific research and metacognitive theory, this groundbreaking volume examines the theoretical implications that are elicited when neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are identified. A popular approach within this research is to construe brain-consciousness correlations in causal terms: the neural correlates of consciousness are the Sep 25, 2020 · At a time when public trust in science is paramount, perhaps flagship journals might be wise to refrain from headline use of the c-word for access, until there is a firm scientific basis for a phenomenal/access-consciousness connection. Methods such as single-cell recording in monkeys and brain imaging and electrophysiology in humans, applied to such phenomena as blindsight, implicit/explicit cognition, and binocular rivalry, have generated a wealth of Aug 28, 2000 · Neural Correlates of Consciousness Empirical and Conceptual Questions. (Ed. May 31, 2017 · In fact, research on the neural correlates of lucid dreaming might be key in understanding the neural substrates of secondary consciousness (Hobson and Voss 2010; Dresler et al. They propose a model of two sister processes of the brain: phenomenal consciousness and focal awareness, and their neural correlates. ) As the full title of this book ("Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Issues") suggests, all this activity raises a number of difficult conceptual and foundational issues. [1] A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird. The minimal set of neural events that is jointly sufficient for a conscious state. Neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs). Without a doubt, the fluctuations in visual awareness one experiences during rivalry are of particular interest to the neuroscience of consciousness, as they are endogenously mediated, being produced by variations in neural activity within visually Aug 28, 2014 · Work on the neural correlates of consciousness has often focused on the role of particular brain regions, and sometimes under an implicit assumption that each is operating in isolation. Whereas consciousness is typically ascribed to a person, cognitive neuroscience believes it to originate at the subpersonal level. I hope I've given you some feelings of what it is to study consciousness and how-- for scientific program to study the neural footprint of consciousness and the need to have a theory of consciousness that explains how it's compatible with our-- how it arises from physics. We then examine what has been learned by studying global changes in the level of consciousness, such as sleep, a … May 5, 2014 · For these reasons, rivalry has become a paradigm phenomenon for pursuing the NCsC, at least as that term applies to visual awareness (e. Psychol. , 1999; Engel and Singer, 2001; Melloni et al. 01269. But as Jon's work shows, each area is embedded in a much wider network of interacting brain areas within remote but interconnected regions of the brain. g. Functional imaging plays a major role in identification of the neural correlates of consciousness. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of consciousness including its neuroanatomic basis. One key step towards understanding consciousness is to empirically narrow down neural processes associated with the subjective experience of a particular content. These neural correlates of consciousness may be disentangled conceptually Jun 12, 2023 · Purpose of Review. Apr 20, 2016 · In this Review, we describe recent findings showing that the anatomical neural correlates of consciousness are primarily localized to a posterior cortical hot zone that includes sensory Apr 20, 2016 · This review article summarizes recent advances and challenges in the search for the neural mechanisms of consciousness. In this Perspective, we will critically review the clinical and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the front versus the back of the cortex in specifying conscious contents and discuss promising research avenues. This chapter discusses the problem of the association between consciousness and neural activity. Aug 28, 2013 · Work on the neural correlates of consciousness has often focused on the role of particular brain regions, and sometimes under an implicit assumption that each is operating in isolation. This chapter develops a framework for addressing the neural correlates of consciousness. In binocular rivalry, two monocular images are simultaneously presented to a participant whose subjective perceptual experience alternates Jan 10, 2020 · A plethora of empirical findings indicates that declarative memory is associated with consciousness, or more specifically, that both the formation and retrieval of episodic and semantic memories are inextricably linked with phenomenal awareness (Tulving, 1985; Behrendt, 2013), suggesting that the neural correlates of memory formation (NCMf) are Jul 26, 2020 · Beyond Neural Correlates of Consciousness starts where others stop, by asking what these correlations may tell us about the nature of consciousness. Nieder, L. This review examines recent advances in the study of brain correlates of consciousness. New imaging and statistical techniques have been introduced, experiments have become more sophisticated, and several unsuccessful hypotheses have been quite conclusively ruled out. We suggest that not only the 'consciousness' in neural correlates of consciousness is a confused term, but 'correlates' is as well. Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual questions. Content-specific NCC are the neural mechanisms specifying particular phenomenal contents within consciousness, such as colors, faces, places, or thoughts. Rinnert. de Graaf, Alexander T. ). Opinions differ on almost every aspect of how these levels are connected. , seeing a face; Koch et al. A basic understanding of con-sciousness and its neural correlates is of major importance May 6, 2016 · In fact, such paradigms are sometimes used in the search for the neural correlates of consciousness (Sterzer et al. Citation. Neural correlate - definition. 1. First, we briefly discuss some useful distinctions In the search for neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), the concept of 'consciousness' remains problematic. The goal of consciousness research is to reveal the neural basis of phenomenal experience. Feb 4, 2018 · The biological basis of consciousness is one of the most challenging and fundamental questions in 21st century science. Aug 21, 2014 · 1 University of Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia; 2 Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Research on neural correlates of consciousness has been conducted and carried out mostly from within two relatively autonomous paradigmatic traditions – studying the specific contents of conscious experience and their brain-process correlates and studying the level of consciousness. To study phenomenology, experimenters seem obliged to ask reports from the subjects to ascertain what they experience. ); Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2000, x + 350 pp. We review current trends in the investigation of physiological, pharmacological, and pathological states of unconsciousness at the level of large-scale functional brain networks. Firstly, we will provide a definition of neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), distinguishing between content- and state-NCC, background conditions, and consequences of consciousness. When brain events are found to covary with conscious exp … The search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) has become a highly active field of investigation in recent years. I outline the distinction betw … Review articles on neural correlates of consciousness, especially visual consciousness, can be found in Crick and Koch 1998 and Milner 1995. 2018. We discuss major theories of consciousness, physical exam-based and electroencephalographic metrics used to stratify levels of consciousness, and tools used to shed light on the neural correlates of the conscious experience. ISBN: 9780262133708. To unravel these neural correlates of consc … Dec 1, 2022 · A central controversy in the search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC; Koch et al. The book contains chapters considering the upshots of finding the neural correlates of consciousness in light of the most prominent contemporary theories in the field. Hardcover. The NCC is defined as the minimal set Sep 15, 2021 · Recent years have seen considerable progress in the search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs)—“the minimum neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific conscious experience” (e. That is, our two questions about specific and generic consciousness focus the discussion on neuroscientific theories and data that contribute to explaining them. I seek to show how his insights led to a deeper understanding of the causal connections between distant brain structures that are now believed to characterize the neural underpinnings of Abstract. 00 (cloth), ISBN 0-262-13370-9 May 15, 2024 · While it becomes clear that the reported neural correlates of consciousness largely vary with the aspect of consciousness being investigated, the articles highlight the complexity of the topic and why achieving a better understanding of consciousness is critical beyond academic discussions: for example, from an ethical perspective regarding the Mar 17, 2014 · While arriving at sceptical answers to these four questions, the essay nonetheless offers some ideas about how a more nuanced utilization of binocular rivalry may still provide fundamental insights about neural dynamics, and glimpses of at least some of the ingredients comprising neural correlates of consciousness, including those involved in The biological basis of consciousness is one of the most challenging and fundamental questions in 21st century science. In this chapter, we focus on the self (i. 2014; Koch et al. 意識に相関した脳活動（いしきにそうかんしたのうかつどう、英: NCC、Neural correlates of consciousness）はある特定の意識的知覚を共同して引き起こすのに十分な、最小の神経メカニズムとして定義される (Crick & Koch, 1990)。 Sep 4, 2000 · The search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) has become a highly active field of investigation in recent years. Theories of consciousness . Secondly, we will describe neurophysiological findings in physiological (sleep), pharmacological (anesthesia), and pathological (disorders of consciousness Jul 26, 2016 · Phenomenal consciousness is currently the target of a booming neuroscientific research program, which intends to find the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs). 2014). 2015; Koch et al. In typical NCC paradigms, researchers record and contrast neural Jan 15, 2015 · In the last decades, there has been an increased research interest on the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) ( Calabro et al. In addition, functional neuroimaging paradigms are now available to help assess consciousness levels in Thus, only neural dynamics at the macro-scale can account for global brain states accompanied by conscious experience. Conversely, patients with disorders of consciousness show pathological between-network correlations. One common aim is to distinguish merely May 10, 2022 · Neural Correlates of Consciousness. Phenomenally conscious content is what differs between experiences as of red and green, whereas access-conscious content is content information about which is ‘broadcast’ in the global workspace. Aug 2, 2018 · To begin with, the experimental findings indicate that the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are related to large-scale synchronization in the brain, particularly in the beta and gamma frequency bands (Crick and Koch, 1990; Desmedt and Tomberg, 1994; Rodriguez et al. The search for neural correlates of consciousness (or NCCs) is arguably the cornerstone in the recent resurgence of the science of consciousness. A. Consciousness is a multifaceted concept with two major components: awareness of environment and of self (i. Jul 24, 2018 · Introduction. Oct 31, 2019 · The neural correlates of consciousness are generated by the synchronous activity of sensory and associative networks in the temporal, occipital, and parietal cortices, which elaborate information of specific features of conscious experience. Mar 1, 2008 · This review examines recent advances in the study of brain correlates of consciousness and discusses dynamic aspects of neural activity, such as sustained versus phasic activity, feedforward versus reentrant activity, and the role of neural synchronization. Wagener, P. Front. Jan 15, 2015 · Consciousness is a multifaceted concept with two major components: awareness of environment and of self (i. The NCC has been defined as the minimum neuronal mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific conscious percept [ 11 ]. Tom A. 2016). Higher order networks, thought to be inv … Oct 4, 2017 · The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are defined as the minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one conscious percept (Crick and Koch, 1990). However, we argue that the requirement of reports has biased the search for the neural correlates of consciousness over the past decades. Explore the neurobiological approach, the dimensions of arousal and content of consciousness, and the methods to discover and characterize the NCC. 00. Methods such as single-cell recording in monkeys and brain imaging and electrophysiology in humans, applied to such phenomena as blindsight, implicit/explicit cognition, and binocular rivalry, have generated a wealth of Jan 1, 2019 · Current theories of the neural correlates of consciousness make rather different predictions about the role of prefrontal cortex during visual experiences. , the content of consciousness) and wakefulness (i. Anesthetics not only allow for the experimental investigation into the conscious-unconscious state transition, but they can also be titrated to subanesthetic doses in o … This review examines recent advances in the study of brain correlates of consciousness. , 2020). There have been a number of advances in the search for the neural correlates of consciousness — the minimum neural mechanisms 意識相關神經區(英语：neural correlates of consciousness, NCC)是一個能夠產生特定意識感的最小集合，神經科學家使用經驗觀察的方法來發現主觀意識相關的神經活動。 Among neuroscience researchers interested in determining the neural correlates of consciousness, binocular rivalry has been heralded as a gold standard since Crick & Koch’s endorsement of the paradigm . Thomas Metzinger (ed. , neurons in neuronal recording studies or voxels in fMRI studies) are determined in a participant using appropriate feature-specific Jul 28, 2016 · Along the lines of what we have previously argued 2,3,4, the authors emphasize the role of sensory areas as prime candidates for neural correlates of consciousness (NCC). doi: 10. The MIT Press. Apr 1, 2002 · The search for the neural correlate (or correlates) of consciousness 1 has resulted in two important distinctions being made. []). However, although visual Solving the problem of consciousness remains one of the biggest challenges in modern science. The search for neural correlates of consciousness (or NCCs) is arguably the cornerstone in the recent resurgence of the science of consciousness, and some ingenious studies in recent years have led to considerable progress. Techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and agree on the critical neural features required for sustaining perceptual conscious experi-ences in humans and other primates. In this paper it is shown that consciousness is dependent on the brainstem and thalamus for arousal; that basic co … Jul 19, 2021 · Abstract. Introduction The topic of this special issue—perceptual awareness and its neural basis—has It is widely accepted among philosophers that neuroscientists are conducting a search for the neural correlates of consciousness, or NCC. It focuses on visual and auditory studies, and discusses the no-report paradigm, the posterior cortical hot zone, and the quantitative indices of consciousness. We review current trends in the investigation of physiological, pharmacological, and patholo … Tononi’s group, on the other hand, tried to identify the NC related to PC (subjective consciousness): “… specific neural correlates of consciousness are the neural mechanisms specifying particular phenomenal contents within consciousness, such as colors, faces, places, or thoughts” (Boly et al. It remains unclear, therefore, what the relationship is between activity in neural regions associated with emotional representation and the . Jan 21, 2023 · Patients in different states of consciousness have provided vital clues about the neural correlates of consciousness. Mar 1, 2005 · Despite recent criticism, the search for neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) is still at the core of a contemporary neuroscience of consciousness. Dec 1, 2015 · In the now almost two decades of ongoing enthusiasm to study the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) 3, 10, 11, the main goal was to first establish a neuroscience of consciousness, and worry about such more philosophical issues, including the Hard Problem, later [12]. Medically speaking, consciousness is the state of the patient’s awareness of self and environment and his responsiveness to external stimulation and inner need. Feb 1, 2005 · Introduction. A related pursuit aims to identify the neural correlates and causes of unconsciousness. In this chapter, we discuss a selection of influential views of the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) and the predictions they make. 9:1269. Methods such as single-cell recording in monkeys and brain imaging and electrophysiology in humans, applied to such phenomena as blindsight, implicit/explicit cognition, and binocular rivalry, have generated a wealth of b. A basic understanding of consciousness Mar 5, 2024 · A useful approach has been proposed by Koch et al. Twenty years ago, Thomas Metzinger published the book "The Neural Correlates of Consciousness" amassing the state of knowledge in the field of consciousness studies at the time from philosophical and empirical perspectives. Metzinger, T. However, dominant theories of conscious perception strongly disagree about when and where these This paper reviews the current knowledge about the mechanisms of anesthesia-induced alteration of consciousness. While ‘consciousness’ is difficult to define, we suggest that ‘correlates’ is confused as well. “Neural correlate of consciousness” is then a core concept of this neuroscience of consciousness for at least two reasons. Formally, the NCCs of a conscious state Feb 1, 2012 · When investigating the neural correlates that underlie the content of our consciousness a common and widely accepted strategy has been to hold the stimulus conditions similar while conscious perception varies as the dependent measure – on some trials the subject perceives the target consciously, on other trials not. In this Review, we describe recent findings showing that the anatomical neural correlates of consciousness are primarily loc … May 3, 2022 · In the early decades of its resurgence, the scientific study of consciousness focused on the search for the ‘neural correlates of consciousness’ (NCCs). Mar 21, 2022 · The modulatory effect of nasal respiration on integrative brain functions and hence consciousness has recently been unambiguously demonstrated. e. Our understanding of the neural basis of consciousness has substantially improved in the last few decades. Medically speaking, consciousness is the state of the patient’s awareness of self and environment and his responsiveness to external stim-ulation and inner need. We outline a A neural correlate of the background state of consciousness, then, will be a neural system N such that the state of N directly correlates with whether a subject is awake, dreaming, under hypnosis, and so on. Oct 9, 2018 · Reference to neural correlates in this entry will always mean neural explanatory correlates of consciousness (on occasion, we will speak of these as the neural basis of consciousness). Next we consider some of the most common paradigms used to study the Jan 1, 2004 · The neural correlates of consciousness refer to the relationships between mental states and neural states. (2000). 3389/fpsyg. We specifically show an interaction where the neural correlates of consciousness in frontal and occipital areas are affected differently depending on whether participants have to engage with the perceptual or the conceptual attributes of identical stimuli. Jun 12, 2023 · This article summarizes the current understanding of consciousness and its neuroanatomic basis, including major theories, clinical metrics, and disorders. This book brings together an international group of neuroscientists and philosophers who are investigating how the content of subjective experience is correlated with events in the brain. For example, the neural correlates of consciousness are the events that must occur in the brain for consciousness to become manifest. The relationship between consciousness and the brain has concerned philosophers for centuries, yet a tacit assumption in much empirically minded consciousness research seems to be that if Apr 3, 2008 · This review examines recent advances in the study of brain correlates of consciousness. , 2007; Doesburg et al Sep 29, 2021 · The Neural Correlates of Consciousness. Apart from a deeper understanding of the neural correlates of consciousness, these findings have clinical implications and might be particularly relevant for outcome prediction and could inspire new therapeutic options. This effect is sustained by the olfactory epithelium mechanical sensitivity complemented by the existence of massive projections between the olfactory bulb … So with that, I thank you for your attention. fundamental insights about neural dynamics, and glimpses of at least some of the ingredients comprising neural correlates of consciousness, including those involved in perceptual decision-making. 16 when searching for content-specific neural correlates of consciousness (NCC): (1) a mapping step in which the response properties of recording sites (e. It is now evident that hypnotic anesthetic agents have specific brain targets whose function is hierarchically altered in a dose-dependent manner. In this article, I argue that a framework in which there are at least two distinct NCCs is increasingly making more sense of empirical results than one in which there is a single NCC. The NCC problem is considered of fundamental importance and has been the most extensively studied. , 2017). , the level of consciousness). ntmj zdesly yucrs bqclals khuxw favoeb hlvix dic dec ptmn